Auxiliary Particles (Helping Particles)

-는/은

Used to contrast something or to simply present a topic ‘은’ follows a consonant and ‘는’ a vowel.

When used with nouns which become the subject of the object of the sentence.‘든/는’ replace the nominative and/or objective particle. This replacement of another Particle commonly takes place with auxiliary particles.

Examples:

Instrumental Particle

-(으) 로

Means of or method for a certain action . When the last syllable of the preceding noun ends with a consonant ‘으로’ is used: otherwise ‘로’ is used.

Examples:

Dative Particle

-에, -에게/-한테, -께

For persons or animals ‘-에게’ or ‘한테’ is used : ‘에’ is used for the rest.

Examples:

Objective Particle

-을/를

Marks the object of sentence. If the last syllable of the subject ends with a consonant,

‘을’ is used: otherwise ‘를’ is employed.

Examples:

Nominative Particles

-이/가,-께서

Determine the subject of a sentence. If the last syllable of the subject with a consonant,

‘이’ is employed; otherwise ‘가’ is used.

Examples

Case Particles

1. Nominative Particles.

2. Objective Particle

3. Dative Particle

4. Locative Particles

5. Instrumental Particle