Korean Language - Conjunctive Endings

When two sentences are connected, conjunctive endings follow the verb stem of the first sentence.

Examples:

1. 여름은 덥다 + (고) + 겨울은 촣다 à 여름은 덥고 겨울은 촣다.

It is hot in summer + it is cold in winter à it is hot in summer and cold in winter.

2. 철수가 학교에 간다 + (아서) + 철수가 공부를 한다 à 철수가 공부를 한다.

Chulsoo goes to school + Chulsoo studies à Chulsoo goes to school and studies.

고 (vst+고)
a) Two or more sentences are simply listed
새가 울고 꽃이 핍니다	Birds sing and flower bloom.
하늘은 높고 , 바다는 깊어요	Sky is high and sea is deep.
b) Two events take place concurrently
나는 피아노를 출고 , 철수는 학교에 갑나다	I play piano and Chulsoo goes to school.
어재는 비가 오고 , 바람도 불었어요	Yesterday it rained and snowed
c) Two events are in temporary relation, The first event precedes the second.
아침 밥을 일찍 먹고 학교에 갔습니다	I ate breakfast early and went to school.
책을 읽고 독후감을 씁나다	Having read the book am writing a report
d) Depending upon the verbs used, the first action still continuous while second takes place.
형이 새 옷을 입고 외출했습니다.	My brother went out wearing new clothes.
김 선생은 내 손을 잡고 기쁘했읍니다.	Holding my hands Mr. Kim rejoiced.

2. – (ㅇ) 니까 (vst + – (ㅇ) 니까)
a) The action stated in the first sentence is a reason for the second sentence.
오늘은 날씨가 추우니까 옷을 많이 입으세요.	Since it is cold, please put on a lot of clothes
제가 잘못했으니까 제가 사과하 겠습니다.	Since I made a mistake I will apologize.
b) The action in the first sentence becomes a cause which leads to the verification as stated in the second sentence.
이 약을 먹으니까 감기가 낮더군요.	Taking this medication, I recovered from a cold.
한국말을 공부해 보니까 재미 있어요 ?	Having studied Korean, do you find it interesting?

3) –는(은)데 (vst + – 는(은)데 )
a) Two sentences are connected in such a way that the action taking place in the first sentence still continues in the second sentence.
비가 오는데, 우산이 있습니까?	It is raining, do you an umbrella?
체가 읽는데, 좀 조용히 해 주세요.	As I am reading, please be quiet.
b) Two sentences are contrasted in a time concept, in meaning, or stand in a cause/effect relationship.
계속 차료를 하는데, 감기가 낮지 않아요.	. Even if I continue with medicine, I am not recovering from cold.
비가 오는데, 밖에 나가지 않겠어요.	Since it is raining I will no go out.
c) Sometimes it is used as a terminative ending and conveys the speaker’s willingness to listen or to gather the hearer’s response.
아이가 우는 데 ……	The child is crying….
이것은 동생에게 줄 과자인데요.	These cookies are for (my) younger brother.

4) –아(어,여)도 ( vst + –아(어,여)도)
a) These are the bounded words which one combined with verbs “좋다 to be good”,”괜찮다” to be sorry or “되다 to become..” Give a meaning of permission granted for the action described in the first sentence to take place, or the hearer’s intention is inquired.
지금 집에 가도 좋습나다.	It is ok to go home now.
음식이 매워도 괜찮아요?	Is it ok if food is spicy?

5) –(으)러 ( vst + (ㅇ)러)
An object for action is stated by the verb is conveyed.
공부하러 학교에 갑니다.	I go to school to study.
저는 김 선생을 만나러 왔습니다.	I have come to see Mr. Kim.

6) -(으)면 (vst + (으)면 )
It is similar to English conjunctive of “if”. It lays a condition for the second sentence.
가올이 되면 단풍이 돕니다.	If autumn comes, maples change their color.
돈이 있으면 빌려 주세요.	If you have money please lend me.

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